Danish Minister for Development Cooperation Jan Trojborg told Western diplomats that President Robert Mugabe was annoyed by the British because of the way that they received former Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith because he was not received that way.
Trojborg, who described Mugabe was a man without a plan, said the Zimbabwean president strongly distrusted the West.
He said, however, Mugabe had called on the West to advise the Movement for Democratic Change not to take to the streets to avoid bringing violence down upon itself.
Full cable:
Viewing cable 00HARARE6317, DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION MINISTER
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
|
Reference ID |
Created |
Classification |
Origin |
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.
091545Z Nov 00
CONFIDENTIAL PTQ6928
PAGE 01 HARARE 06317 01 OF 03 091545Z
ACTION IO-00
INFO LOG-00 NP-00 AF-00 AGRE-00 AID-00 ACQ-00 CIAE-00
SMEC-00 COME-00 DODE-00 SRPP-00 DS-00 EB-00 EUR-00
VC-00 HHS-01 H-01 SSA-01 TEDE-00 INR-00 LAB-01
L-00 VCE-00 AC-01 DCP-01 NSAE-00 OES-01 OIC-02
OMB-01 PA-00 PM-00 PRS-00 ACE-00 P-00 SP-00
IRM-00 TRSE-00 USIE-00 R-00 PMB-00 DSCC-00 DRL-02
G-00 NFAT-00 SAS-00 /012W
——————9D198D 091546Z /38
FM AMEMBASSY HARARE
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 7601
INFO AMEMBASSY COPENHAGEN
AMEMBASSY NAIROBI
NSC WASHDC
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 03 HARARE 006317
SIPDIS
LONDON FOR GURNEY
PARIS FOR BISA WILLIAMS
NSC FOR SENIOR AFRICA DIRECTOR GAYLE SMITH
PASS USAID FOR A/AID – R. MCCALL, DAA/AER – VNEWTON,
AFR/SA – CPALMA
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 02 HARARE 06317 01 OF 03 091545Z
PASS USTR FOR ROSA WHITAKER
E.O. 12958: DECL: 11/08/2010
SUBJECT: DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION MINISTER
DELIVERS TOUGH MESSAGES TO ZIMBABWE ON FAST TRACK LAND
EXERCISE
CLASSIFIED BY AMBASSADOR TOM MCDONALD FOR REASONS 1.5
(B) AND (D).
¶1. (C) SUMMARY: DANISH MINISTER FOR DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION JAN TROJBORG TOLD WESTERN HEADS OF MISSION
NOVEMBER 8 THAT HE HAD COME TO ZIMBABWE TO SEARCH FOR A
SOLUTION TO THE COUNTRY’S CURRENT IMPASSE. HE VOICED
STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM’S (UNDP) EFFORTS TO REKINDLE DIALOGUE AMONG THE
DONORS, THE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE AND OTHER LOCAL
STAKEHOLDERS AND APPEALED FOR SIMILAR SUPPORT FROM THE
ASSEMBLED DIPLOMATS WHEN UNDP ADMINISTRATOR MARK
MALLOCH-BROWN VISITED LATER THIS MONTH. THE DANISH
MINISTER SAID THE MESSAGE HE BROUGHT FOR PRESIDENT
MUGABE (A “MAN WITHOUT A PLAN”) WAS TO STOP THE ILLEGAL
FARM INVASIONS IMMEDIATELY, MAKE SENSIBLE DESIGNATIONS
OF THOSE FARMS ALREADY ACQUIRED, RESPECT COURT ORDERS
AND RESTORE THE RULE OF LAW IN THE RURAL AREAS, AND
NEGOTIATE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS. THE PLAINSPOKEN DANE
ALSO TOLD FOREIGN MINISTER MUDENGE TO MOVE ON FROM HIS
OBSESSION WITH THE BRITISH. FURTHER, HE TOLD THE
FOREIGN MINISTER THAT THE ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT’S
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH A POTENTIAL SUPREME COURT RULING
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 03 HARARE 06317 01 OF 03 091545Z
AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT ON THE FAST TRACK LAND
RESETTLEMENT EXERCISE WOULD BE “UNACCEPTABLE” TO THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY. HE FOUND THE MOVEMENT FOR
DEMOCRATIC CHANGE (MDC) PARLIAMENTARIANS IMPRESSIVE AND
SEIZED WITH PLANNING STRATEGY, BUT COUNSELED THEM THAT,
AS THE OPPOSITION, THEY MUST TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE
WELFARE OF THE COUNTRY AND AVOID EXPOSING THEIR
FOLLOWERS TO VIOLENCE. END SUMMARY.
¶2. (C) WRAPPING UP A BRIEF FOUR-DAY VISIT TO HARARE
TRIGGERED BY MEETINGS WITH UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM (UNDP) ADMINISTRATOR MARK MALLOCH-BROWN AND
SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT MBEKI, DANISH MINISTER FOR
DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION JAN TROJBORG TOLD WESTERN HEADS
OF MISSION NOVEMBER 8 IN HARARE THAT HE HAD COME TO
DISCUSS FINDING A SOLUTION TO ZIMBABWE’S CURRENT
IMPASSE. AFTER TALKS HE CONCLUDED THAT THE KEY WOULD BE
TO RESOLVE TWO PROBLEMS: THE LAND ISSUE AND WITHDRAWAL
OF TROOPS FROM THE CONGO. NAMING THE PROBLEMS WAS EASY,
BUT THE DEVIL WAS IN THE DETAIL, HE SAID. HIS
GOVERNMENT’S MESSAGE TO ZIMBABWEAN INTERLOCUTORS WAS:
STOP THE ILLEGAL FARM INVASIONS IMMEDIATELY, MAKE
SENSIBLE DESIGNATIONS OF THOSE FARMS ALREADY ACQUIRED,
RESPECT COURT ORDERS AND RESTORE THE RULE OF LAW IN THE
RURAL AREAS, AND NEGOTIATE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS. “IT
LOOKS LIKE WE ARE AT FIVE MINUTES TO TWELVE,” THE
MINISTER OBSERVED, “THIS IS THE LAST CHANCE FOR THE
COUNTRY TO AVOID COLLAPSE.”
¶3. (C) SPEAKING TO PRESIDENT MUGABE, THE DANISH
MINISTER URGED HIM TO FIND A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 04 HARARE 06317 01 OF 03 091545Z
HERE AND IN THE CONGO. HE UNDERSTOOD THAT IT WAS
“COMPLICATED” TO WITHDRAW TROOPS FROM THE CONGO AND
URGED THE HEADS OF MISSION PRESENT TO HELP ZIMBABWE
WITHIN THE UN FRAMEWORK. TROJBORG SAID MUGABE REVIEWED
IN DETAIL THE HISTORY OF LANCASTER HOUSE, AND THE DANE
THEN ENDURED A TIRADE AGAINST THE BRITISH AND THE
CONSPIRACY THEY WERE LEADING AGAINST HIM. NEVERTHELESS,
THE VISITING MINISTER NOTED THAT THE RHETORIC WAS MILDER
THAN WHAT MUGABE HAD USED ON PREVIOUS OCCASIONS.
¶4. (C) TROJBORG CONTINUED THAT HE HAD TOLD PRESIDENT
MUGABE THAT THE DONORS HAD REACTED TO HIS POLICIES BY
CUTTING THEIR BILATERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. HE
CAUTIONED THE ZIMBABWEAN CHIEF EXECUTIVE THAT, WHILE HE
UNDERSTOOD POLITICALLY THE NEED TO LAUNCH A FAST TRACK
APPROACH, ACQUIRING ALL 5 MILLION HECTARES AT ONCE WAS A
SURE RECIPE FOR DISASTER. HE SAID THAT THE FAST TRACK
RESETTLEMENT EXERCISE NEEDED A PRECISE DEFINITION AND
NEEDED TO BE DONE SO AS NOT TO UNDERMINE THE COUNTRY’S
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. AT THE SAME TIME THE PROGRAM
SHOULD SETTLE REAL FARMERS, AND NOT WAR VETERANS OR
UNSKILLED PEASANTRY, ON THE FARMS. HE TOLD THE
ZIMBABWEAN PRESIDENT THAT IT WAS TIME TO SET PERCEPTIONS
FROM THE PAST ASIDE AND “LOOK FORWARD,” WORDS HE JUDGED
TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE ZIMBABWEAN PRESIDENT. HE NOTED
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL PTQ6932
PAGE 01 HARARE 06317 02 OF 03 091546Z
ACTION IO-00
INFO LOG-00 NP-00 AF-00 AGRE-00 AID-00 ACQ-00 CIAE-00
SMEC-00 COME-00 DODE-00 SRPP-00 DS-00 EB-00 EUR-00
VC-00 HHS-01 H-01 SSA-01 TEDE-00 INR-00 LAB-01
L-00 VCE-00 AC-01 DCP-01 NSAE-00 OES-01 OIC-02
OMB-01 PA-00 PM-00 PRS-00 ACE-00 P-00 SP-00
IRM-00 TRSE-00 USIE-00 R-00 PMB-00 DSCC-00 DRL-02
G-00 NFAT-00 SAS-00 /012W
——————9D19BA 091546Z /38
R 091545Z NOV 00
FM AMEMBASSY HARARE
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 7602
INFO AMEMBASSY COPENHAGEN
AMEMBASSY NAIROBI
NSC WASHDC
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 02 OF 03 HARARE 006317
SIPDIS
LONDON FOR GURNEY
PARIS FOR BISA WILLIAMS
NSC FOR SENIOR AFRICA DIRECTOR GAYLE SMITH
PASS USAID FOR A/AID – R. MCCALL, DAA/AER – VNEWTON,
AFR/SA – CPALMA
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 02 HARARE 06317 02 OF 03 091546Z
PASS USTR FOR ROSA WHITAKER
E.O. 12958: DECL: 11/08/2010
SUBJECT: DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION MINISTER
DELIVERS TOUGH MESSAGES TO ZIMBABWE ON FAST TRACK LAND
EXERCISE
THAT MUGABE WOULD LIKE TO SEE THE UNDP ADMINISTRATOR,
WHEN THE LATTER CAME TO HARARE, AND WORK WITH HIM.
¶5. (C) THE YOUNGER ZIMBABWEAN MINISTERS, ON THE OTHER
HAND, UNDERSTOOD THE NEED FOR REFORM AND THAT THE LAND
ISSUE IS NOT ECONOMIC BUT POLITICAL. THE DANISH
POLITICIAN SAW CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
POSITIONS OF THE YOUNGER AND THE OLDER MINISTERS.
FOREIGN MINISTER MUDENGE, SAID THAT THERE WERE 100
BETTER WAYS TO CONDUCT LAND REFORM, BUT THE COUNTRY
FOUND ITSELF IN A DIFFICULT SITUATION. WHEN TROJBORG
SUGGESTED IT WAS THE FAULT OF THE ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT,
THE FOREIGN MINISTER FOBBED BLAME OFF ON THE BRITISH.
¶6. (C) THE DANISH MINISTER OBSERVED THERE WAS A “CLEAR
LACK OF QUALITY” TO THE CURRENT LAND REFORM AND
RESETTLEMENT EXERCISE. HE HOPED HOWEVER THAT THERE WAS
ROOM FOR MANEUVER IN IT, AND SAID HE WOULD ENCOURAGE HIS
EUROPEAN UNION COLLEAGUES TO VISIT ZIMBABWE AND SPEAK
CLEARLY AND ALONG THE LINES OF THE UNDP MISSION TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE.
¶7. (C) “I HAD AN INTERESTING CONVERSATION WITH THE
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 03 HARARE 06317 02 OF 03 091546Z
OPPOSITION,” HE STATED. HE FOUND MDC MEMBERS OF
PARLIAMENT WELSHMAN NCUBE AND PAUL NYATHI VERY
IMPRESSIVE, PARTICULARLY IN THEIR EFFORTS TO FIND A
STRATEGY TO INFLUENCE EVENTS, CERTAINLY MORE SO THAN THE
PRESIDENT. HE FOUND MUGABE TO BE “A MAN WITHOUT A
PLAN,” BUT IT WAS CLEAR THAT THE ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT
COULD SET ONE UP QUICKLY IF THE PRESIDENT WOULD GIVE HIS
MINISTERS THE GREEN LIGHT TO DO SO. THE MDC WAS
UNCERTAIN WHETHER IT COULD HOLD MOMENTUM UNTIL ELECTION
OR WOULD TAKE TO THE STREETS, AND ONCE IT DID SO, IT WAS
UNCERTAIN IT COULD CONTROL THE SITUATION. “THE
GOVERNMENT IS DETERMINED NOT TO BE RUN OVER BY THE
PARLIAMENT OF THE STREET,” TROJBORG OBSERVED. THE MDC,
HE CONTINUED, WOULD ADHERE TO CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS, AND
THOUGHT THAT IT WOULD BE EASY TO WIN THE PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION, AS IT WAS UNLIKELY THAT ANYTHING WOULD CHANGE
FOR THE POSITIVE VIS-A-VIS THE ECONOMY BEFORE THEN.
NEVERTHELESS, HAVING VOTED THE MDC INTO PARLIAMENT, THE
PEOPLE WERE EXPECTING RESULTS. THE DANISH MINISTER TOLD
THE MDC MEMBERS THAT EVEN AS MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITION,
THE MDC HAD A RESPONSIBILITY TO ACT IN THE INTEREST OF
THE COUNTRY, A STATEMENT WITH WHICH THE PARLIAMENTARIANS
AGREED.
¶8. (C) FINALLY, TROJBORG SAID IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT FOR
HIM TO SUSTAIN CURRENT AID LEVELS TO ZIMBABWE IN THE
FACE OF PUBLIC OPINION OPPOSING IT. UNLESS THE
ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO CHANGE ITS
WAYS WITHIN SIX MONTHS, TROJBORG ANNOUNCED HE WOULD BE
FORCED TO REDUCE IT.
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 04 HARARE 06317 02 OF 03 091546Z
¶9. (C) A BRIEF QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION FOLLOWED THE
MINISTER’S REMARKS.
— THE BELGIAN AMBASSADOR SAID SOME DONORS HAD
RESERVATIONS ABOUT THE CONCLUSION OF THE UN/UNDP
MISSION, NOTING THAT IT REQUIRED THEM TO PUT MONEY UP-
FRONT. IS THIS GOOD? “SHOULDN’T THERE BE DISCUSSION
FIRST?” SHE ASKED. TROJBORG THOUGHT THE TWO THINGS WENT
HAND IN HAND, AS THE PLAN REQUIRED TRUST. THE DANISH
GOVERNMENT THOUGHT THAT MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND SHOULD
REST IN INTERNATIONAL HANDS. COMMENT: USE OF A TRUST
FUND WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE APPROPRIATE, BUT IT IS VERY
UNLIKELY THAT DONORS WILL CONTRIBUTE AT THIS POINT TO A
TRUST FUND THAT FINANCES THE GOZ FAST TRACK PROGRAM.
END COMMENT.
— THE GREEK AMBASSADOR ASKED WHAT THE FINANCE AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MINISTER (SIMBA MAKONI) HAD SAID.
TROJBORG SAID HE HAD NOT MET WITH HIM YET, BUT NOTED
THAT IN PRAGUE THE ZIMBABWEAN MINISTER HAD SAID, “WE’LL
ALL BE DEAD IN THE SPRING, IF THERE IS NO SOLUTION [TO
ZIMBABWE’S ECONOMIC ILLS].”
— THE GERMAN AMBASSADOR ASKED WHETHER PRESIDENT MUGABE
HAD ANY REACTION TO THE MINISTER’S URGING TO RESPECT
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL PTQ6937
PAGE 01 HARARE 06317 03 OF 03 091546Z
ACTION IO-00
INFO LOG-00 NP-00 AF-00 AGRE-00 AID-00 ACQ-00 CIAE-00
SMEC-00 COME-00 DODE-00 SRPP-00 DS-00 EB-00 EUR-00
VC-00 HHS-01 H-01 SSA-01 TEDE-00 INR-00 LAB-01
L-00 VCE-00 AC-01 DCP-01 NSAE-00 OES-01 OIC-02
OMB-01 PA-00 PM-00 PRS-00 ACE-00 P-00 SP-00
IRM-00 TRSE-00 USIE-00 R-00 PMB-00 DSCC-00 DRL-02
G-00 NFAT-00 SAS-00 /012W
——————9D19D4 091547Z /38
R 091545Z NOV 00
FM AMEMBASSY HARARE
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 7603
INFO AMEMBASSY COPENHAGEN
AMEMBASSY NAIROBI
NSC WASHDC
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 03 OF 03 HARARE 006317
SIPDIS
LONDON FOR GURNEY
PARIS FOR BISA WILLIAMS
NSC FOR SENIOR AFRICA DIRECTOR GAYLE SMITH
PASS USAID FOR A/AID – R. MCCALL, DAA/AER – VNEWTON,
AFR/SA – CPALMA
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 02 HARARE 06317 03 OF 03 091546Z
PASS USTR FOR ROSA WHITAKER
E.O. 12958: DECL: 11/08/2010
SUBJECT: DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION MINISTER
DELIVERS TOUGH MESSAGES TO ZIMBABWE ON FAST TRACK LAND
EXERCISE
COURT ORDERS. BECAUSE THE FAST-TRACK PROGRAM WAS BEFORE
THE SUPREME COURT THE GOVERNMENT HAD ATTACKED THE CHIEF
JUSTICE. TROJBORG SAID THE PRESIDENT DID NOT ADDRESS
THE ISSUE, BUT NOTED THAT HE RESPECTED THE RULE OF LAW.
THE FOREIGN MINISTER, ON THE OTHER HAND, ADMITTED THAT
IF THE COURT CASE GOES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT, THE
LATTER WOULD NOT ACCEDE TO THE DECISION. THE DANISH
MINISTER SAID THAT WAS “UNACCEPTABLE.”
— THE DUTCH CHARGE D’AFFAIRES ASKED WHETHER PRESIDENT
MBEKI HAD BEEN CLEARER ON HIS STAND VIS-A-VIS THE LAND
QUESTION. TROJBORG RESPONDED THAT THE SOUTH AFRICAN
PRESIDENT NOTED THAT THE PROBLEM MUST BE APPROACHED FROM
ANOTHER ANGLE, AS THE PICTURE IN THE WEST WAS NOT CLEAR,
A FACT FOR WHICH THE MEDIA BORE THE BLAME. WHAT WAS
GOING ON IN ZIMBABWE WAS DEVASTATING FOR ITS ECONOMY AND
SOUTH AFRICA WOULD BEAR THE BRUNT OF ITS COLLAPSE.
MUGABE IS VERY EMOTIONAL AND IT IS DIFFICULT TO DISCUSS
THE PROBLEM WITH HIM, AND AS A RESULT HE GOES BACK TO
WHAT HE KNOWS BEST, FIGHTING ENEMIES, REAL OR IMAGINED.
MBEKI SEES THE SITUATION IN ZIMBABWE AS OUT OF CONTROL.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT NOTED THAT HISTORICAL
TENSION BETWEEN HIS COUNTRY AND ZIMBABWE PRECLUDED HIS
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 03 HARARE 06317 03 OF 03 091546Z
SPEAKING FRANKLY WITH MUGABE.
— THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVE ASKED IF A
MISSION FROM THE EU TROIKA MIGHT NOT BE APPROPRIATE TO
MAKE THE SAME POINTS. THE DANISH MINISTER RESPONDED
THAT THE “THE ONLY CARD WE HAVE IS THE UNDP ONE.” HE
DISCOURAGED SUCH AN INITIATIVE, AND NOTED THAT FOR
HIMSELF THE MEDIA IN DENMARK WAS CRITICIZING HIM FOR
COMING TO ZIMBABWE AND CONTINUING AN AID PROGRAM TO A
DICTATOR. HE AGAIN MADE A PITCH FOR ALL ASSEMBLED HEADS
OF MISSION TO SUPPORT THE MALLOCH-BROWN VISIT AND THE
MESSAGE HE MIGHT BRING, WHICH WOULD BE “NOT TOO SOFT,
BUT CONSTRUCTIVE.”
— THE BRITISH DEPUTY HIGH COMMISSIONER ASKED WHETHER
MUGABE WAS KEEN TO RE-ENGAGE THE DONOR COMMUNITY AND WAS
HE ACTUALLY LOOKING FOR A WAY OUT OF THE CURRENT
IMPASSE. THE DANISH MINISTER SAID THAT HE FOUND MUGABE
MORE ENGAGED THAN HE SURMISED WOULD BE THE CASE, AND HAD
SPENT A LOT OF TIME REFLECTING ON THE LAND ISSUE. HE
CONTINUES TO STRONGLY DISTRUST OF THE WEST, AND TO
NURTURE HIS OBSESSION WITH THE BRITISH. HE RAILED
AGAINST THE LATTER FOR “RECEIVING” IAN SMITH, CONVEYING
THE SENSE THAT HE, MUGABE, IS NOT RECEIVED THAT WAY. HE
CONTINUED THAT THE UNITED KINGDOM COULD PLAY A VERY
IMPORTANT ROLE IN RETURNING THE COUNTRY TO NORMALITY.
AT THE SAME TIME, MUGABE CALLED ON THE HEADS OF MISSION
TO ADVISE THE MDC NOT TO TAKE TO THE STREET AND AVOID
BRINGING VIOLENCE DOWN UPON ITSELF.
¶10. (C) COMMENT: PERHAPS BECAUSE WE AGREE WITH MOST
CONFIDENTIAL
PAGE 04 HARARE 06317 03 OF 03 091546Z
EVERYTHING TROJBORG SAID, WE FOUND HIS MESSAGE TO BE
JUST RIGHT AND, IN GENERAL, HIS MISSION TO BE USEFUL.
IN ITS WAKE, THE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE HAS NO EXCUSE TO
SAY THAT IT DOES NOT UNDERSTAND THE CONCERNS OF THE
DONOR COMMUNITY. IT ALSO RECEIVED GOOD ADVICE TO QUIT
PICKING AT HISTORICAL SCABS AND START LOOKING FORWARD.
WHETHER OR NOT THE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE CHOOSES TO ACT
ON THESE OPPORTUNITIES TO RE-ENGAGE THE DONORS STILL
REMAINS TO BE SEEN, BUT DIPLOMATS OF THE WORLD HAVE
MOBILIZED IN A BID TO STOP THE CLOCK FROM TOLLING
MIDNIGHT HERE. END COMMENT.
MCDONALD
CONFIDENTIAL
>
(29 VIEWS)
